basic_outcome<T, EC, EP, NoValuePolicy>

A type carrying one of (i) a successful T (ii) a disappointment EC (iii) a failure EP (iv) both a disappointment EC and a failure EP, with NoValuePolicy specifying what to do if one tries to read state which isn’t there, and enabling injection of hooks to trap when lifecycle events occur. Any one, two, or all of T, EC and EP can be void to indicate no value for that state is present. Detectable using is_basic_outcome<T> .

Requires: Concept requirements if C++ 20, else static asserted:

• That trait type_can_be_used_in_basic_result<R> is true for T, EC and EP.
• That either EC is void or DefaultConstructible (Outcome v2.1 and earlier only).
• That either EP is void or DefaultConstructible.

Namespace: OUTCOME_V2_NAMESPACE

Header: <outcome/basic_outcome.hpp>

Inclusions: The very lightest weight of C and C++ header files:

1. <cstdint>
2. <initializer_list>
3. <iosfwd>
4. <new>
5. <type_traits>
6. If OUTCOME_USE_STD_IN_PLACE_TYPE is 1, <utility> (defaults to 1 for C++ 17 or later only)
7. If C++ exceptions disabled and OUTCOME_DISABLE_EXECINFO undefined only (used to print stack backtraces on “exception throw”):
   1. <sal.h> (Windows only)
   2. <stddef.h> (Windows only)
   3. <string.h> (Windows only)
   4. <execinfo.h> (POSIX only)
8. <cstdio>
9. <cstdlib>
10. <cassert>

This very light weight set of inclusion dependencies makes basic outcome suitable for use in global header files of very large C++ codebases.

Design rationale

basic_outcome extends basic_result<T, E, NoValuePolicy> with a third state to transport, conventionally (but not necessarily) some sort of “abort” or “exceptional” state which a function can return to indicate that not only did the operation fail, but it did so catastrophically i.e. please abort any attempt to retry the operation.

A perfect alternative is to throw a C++ exception for the abort code path, and indeed most programs ought to do exactly that instead of using basic_outcome. However there are a number of use cases where choosing basic_outcome shines:

1. Where C++ exceptions or RTTI is not available, but the ability to fail catastrophically without terminating the program is important.
2. Where deterministic behaviour is required even in the catastrophic failure situation.
3. In unit test suites of code using Outcome it is extremely convenient to accumulate test failures into a basic_outcome for later reporting. A similar convenience applies to RPC situations, where C++ exception throws need to be accumulated for reporting back to the initiating endpoint.
4. Where a function is “dual use deterministic” i.e. it can be used deterministically, in which case one switches control flow based on .error(), or it can be used non-deterministically by throwing an exception perhaps carrying a custom payload.

Public member type aliases

• value_type is T.
• error_type is EC.
• exception_type is EP.
• no_value_policy_type is NoValuePolicy.
• value_type_if_enabled is T if construction from T is available, else it is a usefully named unusable internal type.
• error_type_if_enabled is EC if construction from EC is available, else it is a usefully named unusable internal type.
• exception_type_if_enabled is EP if construction from EP is available, else it is a usefully named unusable internal type.
• rebind<A, B = EC, C = EP, D = NoValuePolicy> is basic_outcome<A, B, C, D>.

Protected member predicate booleans

• predicate::constructors_enabled is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. Decayed value_type and decayed error_type are not the same type, or both are void.
  2. Decayed value_type and decayed exception_type are not the same type, or both are void.
  3. Decayed error_type and decayed exception_type are not the same type, or both are void.

• predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. Trait is_error_type<E> is not true for both decayed value_type and decayed error_type at the same time.
  3. value_type is not implicitly constructible from error_type and error_type is not implicitly constructible from value_type.
     OR
     trait is_error_type<E> is true for decayed error_type and error_type is not implicitly constructible from value_type and value_type is an integral type.
  4. value_type is not implicitly constructible from exception_type.
  5. error_type is not implicitly constructible from exception_type.
  6. exception_type is not implicitly constructible from value_type.
  7. exception_type is not implicitly constructible from error_type.

• predicate::enable_value_converting_constructor<A> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. Decayed A is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is true.
  4. Decayed A is not an in_place_type_t.
  5. Trait is_error_type_enum<E, Enum> is false for error_type and decayed A.
  6. value_type is implicitly constructible from A and error_type is not implicitly constructible from A.
     OR
     value_type is the exact same type as decayed A and value_type is implicitly constructible from A.
  7. exception_type is not implicitly constructible from A.

• predicate::enable_error_converting_constructor<A> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. Decayed A is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is true.
  4. Decayed A is not an in_place_type_t.
  5. Trait is_error_type_enum<E, Enum> is false for error_type and decayed A.
  6. value_type is not implicitly constructible from A and error_type is implicitly constructible from A.
     OR
     error_type is the exact same type as decayed A and error_type is implicitly constructible from A.
  7. exception_type is not implicitly constructible from A.

• predicate::enable_error_condition_converting_constructor<ErrorCondEnum> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. Decayed ErrorCondEnum is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. Decayed ErrorCondEnum is not an in_place_type_t.
  4. Trait is_error_type_enum<E, Enum> is true for error_type and decayed ErrorCondEnum.
  5. exception_type is not implicitly constructible from ErrorCondEnum.

• predicate::enable_exception_converting_constructor<A> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. Decayed A is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is true.
  4. Decayed A is not an in_place_type_t.
  5. value_type is not implicitly constructible from A.
  6. error_type is not implicitly constructible from A.
  7. exception_type is implicitly constructible from A.

• predicate::enable_error_exception_converting_constructor<A, B> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. Decayed A is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is true.
  4. Decayed A is not an in_place_type_t.
  5. value_type is not implicitly constructible from A.
  6. error_type is implicitly constructible from A.
  7. value_type is not implicitly constructible from B.
  8. exception_type is implicitly constructible from B.

• predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<A, B, C, D> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. basic_outcome<A, B, C, D> is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. A is void OR value_type is explicitly constructible from A.
  4. B is void OR error_type is explicitly constructible from B.
  5. C is void OR exception_type is explicitly constructible from C.

• predicate::enable_make_error_code_compatible_conversion<A, B, C, D> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. basic_outcome<A, B, C, D> is not this basic_outcome type.
  3. Trait is_error_code_available<T> is true for decayed error_type.
  4. predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<A, B, C, D> is not true.
  5. A is void OR value_type is explicitly constructible from A.
  6. error_type is explicitly constructible from make_error_code(B).
  7. C is void OR exception_type is explicitly constructible from C.

• predicate::enable_inplace_value_constructor<Args...> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. value_type is void OR value_type is explicitly constructible from Args....

• predicate::enable_inplace_error_constructor<Args...> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. error_type is void OR error_type is explicitly constructible from Args....

• predicate::enable_inplace_exception_constructor<Args...> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. exception_type is void OR exception_type is explicitly constructible from Args....

• predicate::enable_inplace_value_error_exception_constructor<Args...> is constexpr boolean true if:

  1. predicate::constructors_enabled is true.
  2. predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is true.
  3. Exactly one of value_type is explicitly constructible from Args..., or error_type is explicitly constructible from Args..., or exception_type is explicitly constructible from Args....

Summary of standard requirements provided

• DefaultConstructible, always deleted to force user to choose valued or errored or excepted for every outcome instanced.
• MoveConstructible, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type implement move constructors.
• CopyConstructible, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type implement copy constructors.
• MoveAssignable, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type implement move constructors and move assignment.
• CopyAssignable, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type implement copy constructors and copy assignment.
• Destructible.
• Swappable, with the strong rather than weak guarantee. See void swap(basic_outcome &) for more information.
• TriviallyCopyable, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type are trivially copyable.
• TrivialType, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type are trivial types.
• LiteralType, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type are literal types.

• StandardLayoutType. It is implementation defined if basic_outcome can be used by C. However all of the three major compilers MSVC, GCC and clang implement C layout of basic_outcome as follows:

  struct outcome_layout {
    struct trivially_copyable_result_layout {
      union {
        value_type value;
        error_type error;
      };
      unsigned int flags;
    };
    exception_type exception;
  };
  

  … if both value_type and error_type are TriviallyCopyable, otherwise:

  struct outcome_layout {
    struct non_trivially_copyable_result_layout {
      value_type value;
      unsigned int flags;
      error_type error;
    };
    exception_type exception;
  };
  

  If you choose standard layout value_type, error_type and exception_type, basic_outcome works fine from C on MSVC, GCC and clang.

• EqualityComparable, if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type implement equality comparisons with one another.

• LessThanComparable, not implemented due to availability of implicit conversions from value_type, error_type and exception_type, this can cause major surprise (i.e. hard to diagnose bugs), so we don’t implement these at all.

• Hash, not implemented as a generic implementation of a unique hash for non-valued items which are unequal would require a dependency on RTTI being enabled.

Thus basic_outcome meets the Regular concept if all of value_type, error_type and exception_type are Regular, except for the lack of a default constructor. Often where one needs a default constructor, wrapping basic_outcome into std::optional<T> will suffice.

Public member functions

Disabling constructors

1. basic_outcome(Args...) = delete

   Disabling catchall constructor used to give useful diagnostic error when trying to use non-inplace constructors when predicate::constructors_enabled is false.

2. basic_outcome(X &&) = delete

   Disabling implicit constructor used to give useful diagnostic error when trying to use implicit constructors when predicate::implicit_constructors_enabled is false.

Copy and move constructors and assignment, and destructor

1. basic_outcome() = delete

   The default constructor (disabled).

2. basic_outcome(basic_outcome &&)

   Move constructor. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

3. basic_outcome(const basic_outcome &)

   Copy constructor. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

4. basic_outcome &operator=(basic_outcome &&)

   Move assignment. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

5. basic_outcome &operator=(const basic_outcome &)

   Copy assignment. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

6. ~basic_outcome()

   Destructor. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

Converting constructors

1. basic_outcome(R &&)

   Implicit value_type constructor. Available if predicate::enable_value_converting_constructor<R> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

2. basic_outcome(S &&)

   Implicit error_type constructor. Available if predicate::enable_error_converting_constructor<S> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

3. basic_outcome(ErrorCondEnum &&)

   Implicit error_type from ErrorCondEnum constructor. Available if predicate::enable_error_condition_converting_constructor<ErrorCondEnum> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

4. basic_outcome(P &&)

   Implicit exception_type constructor. Available if predicate::enable_exception_converting_constructor<P> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

5. basic_outcome(S &&, P &&)

   Implicit error_type + exception_type constructor. Available if predicate::enable_error_exception_converting_constructor<S, P> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

6. explicit basic_outcome(concepts::value_or_error<T, E> &&)

   Explicit converting constructor from concepts::value_or_error<T, E> concept matching types. Available if convert::value_or_error<> permits it. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

7. explicit basic_outcome(const basic_outcome<A, B, C, D> &)

   Explicit converting copy constructor from compatible basic_outcome. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<A, B, C, D> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

8. explicit basic_outcome(basic_outcome<A, B, C, D> &&)

   Explicit converting move constructor from compatible basic_outcome. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<A, B, C, D> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

9. explicit basic_outcome(const basic_result<A, B, C> &)

   Explicit converting copy constructor from compatible basic_result. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<A, B, void, C> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

10. explicit basic_outcome(basic_result<A, B, C> &&)

    Explicit converting move constructor from compatible basic_result. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<A, B, void, C> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

11. explicit basic_outcome(const basic_result<A, B, C> &)

    Explicit converting copy constructor from compatible basic_result. Available if predicate::enable_make_error_code_compatible_conversion<A, B, void, C> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

12. explicit basic_outcome(basic_result<A, B, C> &&)

    Explicit converting move constructor from compatible basic_result. Available if predicate::enable_make_error_code_compatible_conversion<A, B, void, C> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

Inplace constructors

1. explicit basic_outcome(in_place_type_t<value_type_if_enabled>, Args ...)

   Explicit inplace value constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_value_constructor<Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

2. explicit basic_outcome(in_place_type_t<value_type_if_enabled>, std::initializer_list<U>, Args ...)

   Explicit inplace value constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_value_constructor<std::initializer_list<U>, Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

3. explicit basic_outcome(in_place_type_t<error_type_if_enabled>, Args ...)

   Explicit inplace error constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_error_constructor<Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

4. explicit basic_outcome(in_place_type_t<error_type_if_enabled>, std::initializer_list<U>, Args ...)

   Explicit inplace error constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_error_constructor<std::initializer_list<U>, Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

5. explicit basic_outcome(in_place_type_t<exception_type_if_enabled>, Args ...)

   Explicit inplace exception constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_exception_constructor<Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

6. explicit basic_outcome(in_place_type_t<exception_type_if_enabled>, std::initializer_list<U>, Args ...)

   Explicit inplace exception constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_exception_constructor<std::initializer_list<U>, Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

7. basic_outcome(A1 &&, A2 &&, Args ...)

   Implicit inplace value or error or exception constructor. Available if predicate::enable_inplace_value_error_exception_constructor<A1, A2, Args ...> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

Tagged constructors

1. basic_outcome(const success_type<T> &)

   Implicit value-from-success-type-sugar copy constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<T, void, void> is true, or T is void. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

2. basic_outcome(success_type<T> &&)

   Implicit value-from-success-type-sugar move constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<T, void, void> is true, or T is void. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

3. basic_outcome(const failure_type<EC> &)

   Implicit error-from-failure-type-sugar copy constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<void, EC, void, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

4. basic_outcome(failure_type<EC> &&)

   Implicit error-from-failure-type-sugar move constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<void, EC, void, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

5. basic_outcome(const failure_type<EC> &)

   Implicit error-from-failure-type-sugar copy constructor. Available if predicate::enable_make_error_code_compatible_conversion<void, EC, void, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

6. basic_outcome(failure_type<EC> &&)

   Implicit error-from-failure-type-sugar move constructor. Available if predicate::enable_make_error_code_compatible_conversion<void, EC, void, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

7. basic_outcome(const failure_type<EP> &)

   Implicit exception-from-failure-type-sugar copy constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<void, void, EP, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

8. basic_outcome(failure_type<EP> &&)

   Implicit exception-from-failure-type-sugar move constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<void, void, EP, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

9. basic_outcome(const failure_type<EC, EP> &)

   Implicit error-and-exception-from-failure-type-sugar copy constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<void, EC, EP, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

10. basic_outcome(failure_type<EC, EP> &&)

    Implicit error-and-exception-from-failure-type-sugar move constructor. Available if predicate::enable_compatible_conversion<void, EC, EP, void> is true. Constexpr, triviality and noexcept propagating.

Observers

1. explicit operator bool() const noexcept

   Returns true if a value is present. Constexpr, never throws.

2. bool has_value() const noexcept

   Returns true if a value is present. Constexpr, never throws.

3. bool has_error() const noexcept

   Returns true if an error is present. Constexpr, never throws.

4. bool has_exception() const noexcept

   Returns true if an exception is present. Constexpr, never throws.

5. bool has_failure() const noexcept

   Returns true if there is either an error or an exception. Constexpr, never throws.

6. value_type &assume_value() & noexcept

   Narrow contract lvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

7. const value_type &assume_value() const & noexcept

   Narrow contract const lvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

8. value_type &&assume_value() && noexcept

   Narrow contract rvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

9. const value_type &&assume_value() const && noexcept

   Narrow contract const rvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

10. value_type &value() &

    Wide contract lvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating.

11. const value_type &value() const &

    Wide contract const lvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating.

12. value_type &&value() &&

    Wide contract rvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating.

13. const value_type &&value() const &&

    Wide contract const rvalue reference observer of any value present. Constexpr propagating.

14. error_type &assume_error() & noexcept

    Narrow contract lvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

15. const error_type &assume_error() const & noexcept

    Narrow contract const lvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

16. error_type &&assume_error() && noexcept

    Narrow contract rvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

17. const error_type &&assume_error() const && noexcept

    Narrow contract const rvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

18. error_type &error() &

    Wide contract lvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating.

19. const error_type &error() const &

    Wide contract const lvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating.

20. error_type &&error() &&

    Wide contract rvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating.

21. const error_type &&error() const &&

    Wide contract const rvalue reference observer of the stored error. Constexpr propagating.

22. exception_type &assume_exception() & noexcept

    Narrow contract lvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

23. const exception_type &assume_exception() const & noexcept

    Narrow contract const lvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

24. const exception_type &&assume_exception() const && noexcept

    Narrow contract const rvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

25. exception_type &&assume_exception() && noexcept

    Narrow contract rvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating, never throws.

26. exception_type &exception() &

    Wide contract lvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating.

27. const exception_type &exception() const &

    Wide contract const lvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating.

28. exception_type &&exception() &&

    Wide contract rvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating.

29. const exception_type &&exception() const &&

    Wide contract const rvalue reference observer of the stored exception. Constexpr propagating.

30. exception_type failure() const noexcept

    Synthesising observer of the stored exception or error. Available if the traits is_error_code_available<T> and is_exception_ptr_available<T> are both true. Never throws.

31. failure_type<error_type, exception_type> as_failure() const &

    Return the output from free function failure() containing a copy of any errored and/or excepted state.

Modifiers

1. void swap(basic_outcome &)

   Swap one basic_outcome with another, with the strong guarantee. Noexcept propagating.

2. failure_type<error_type, exception_type> as_failure() &&

   Return the output from free function failure() containing a move of any errored and/or excepted state.

Comparisons

See above for why LessThanComparable is not implemented.

1. bool operator==(const basic_result<A, B, C> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome compares equal to the other result. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

2. bool operator==(const basic_outcome<A, B, C, D> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome compares equal to the other outcome. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

3. bool operator==(const success_type<A> &) const

   Returns true if this result compares equal to the success type sugar. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

4. bool operator==(const failure_type<A, B> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome compares equal to the failure type sugar. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

5. bool operator!=(const basic_result<A, B, C> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome does not compare equal to the other result. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

6. bool operator!=(const basic_outcome<A, B, C, D> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome does not compare equal to the other outcome. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

7. bool operator!=(const success_type<A> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome does not compare equal to the success type sugar. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.

8. bool operator!=(const failure_type<A, B> &) const

   Returns true if this outcome does not compare equal to the failure type sugar. Constexpr and noexcept propagating.