Major differences

The major design differences between <system_error> and proposed <system_error2> are as follows:

1. experimental::status_code<DomainType> can represent warnings and form-of-success codes as well as failure codes. experimental::errored_status_code<DomainType> is more similar to std::error_code, in that it can only represent failures (this is enforced by C++ 20 contract or runtime assertion check).

2. The code’s domain implementation defines the payload type to be transported around by experimental::status_code<DomainType>, rather than it being hardcoded to int as in std::error_code. The payload type can be anything you like, including non-trivially-copyable, move-only, complex etc types.

   This facility is extremely useful. Extra failure metadata such as stack backtraces can be returned, for example. You can absolutely vary the payload depending on whether NDEBUG or _DEBUG is defined, too.

3. If your domain defines a payload type which is trivially copyable or move relocating¹, it gains an implicit convertibility to a move-only experimental::status_code<erased<T>> where T is another trivially copyable or move relocating type. This permits global headers to use a single, common, type erased, status code type which is highly desirable for code bases of any complexity. However, unlike std::error_code, which fulfils the exact same role in <system_error> based code, the type erased payload can be bigger than the hardcoded int in std::error_code.

   This facility is also extremely useful, as extra failure metadata can be type erased, transported through code with no knowledge of such things, and the original type with failure metadata resurrected at the handling point. Indeed P1095 proposed std::error is a type alias to experimental::status_code<erased<intptr_t>>, and it can transport erased std::exception_ptr instances, POSIX error codes, and much more besides.

4. Equality comparisons between status code’s with non-identical domains are always semantic i.e. are they semantically equivalent, rather than exactly equal? This mirrors when you compare std::error_code to a std::error_condition, but as there is no equivalent for the latter in <system_error2>, this means that when you see the code:

   if(code1 == code2) ...
   

   … you can be highly confident that this is an inexact, semantic, match operation. The same code under <system_error> is highly ambiguous as to whether exact or inexact comparison is being performed (after all, all there is is “code1 == code2”, so it depends on the types of code1 and code2 which usually is not obvious).

   The ambiguity, and high cognitive load during auditing <system_error> code for correctness, has led to many surprising and unexpected failure handling bugs during the past decade in production C++.

5. <system_error2>, being a new design, has all-constexpr construction and destruction which avoids the need for static global variables, as <system_error> has. Each of those static global variables requires an atomic fence just in case it has not been initialised, thus every retrieval of an error category bloats code and inhibits optimisation, plus makes the use of custom error code categories in header-only libraries unreliable. Boost.System has replicated the all-constexpr construction and destruction from <system_error2>, and thus now has similar characteristics in this regard.

6. Finally, this is a small but important difference. Under <system_error>, this extremely common use case is ambiguous:

   if(ec) ...
   

   Does this code mean “if there was an error?”, or “if the error code is set?”, or “is the error code non-zero?”. The correct answer according to the standard is the last choice, but a quick survey of open source <system_error> based code on github quickly demonstrates there is widespread confusion regarding correct usage.

   <system_error2> solves this by removing the boolean test entirely. One now writes if(sc.success()) ..., if(sc.failure()) ..., if(sc.empty()) ... and so on, thus eliminating ambiguity.